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The Effects Of Athletic Participation On Academic Performance

The purpose of the literature review was to determined the effects of athletic participation on academic performance and if there were differences between the male and female athletes of the Mennonite High School. In order to determine whether participating in sporting events have an impact on the student’s academic performance, the researcher collected existing data during the sport season period, there the participants’ assessment grades (AG) were calculated. These scores were compared with the immediate post season average to see whether there was a significant difference between the scores received during and after participating in their various sporting activities. There were studies done that found that the participation of student athletes may not only have positive effects on their academic achievement but there may also be positive effects in other areas of their adolescent life. According to the National Federation of State High School Association (NFHS), stu dents who became involved in sports or extracurricular activities promote lifelong lessons in teamwork, self-discipline; facilitate the emotional development of the youths. The National Federation of State High School uses several sources to support their claim that students who participate in activity programmes have better academic averages, better attendance records, a lower dropout rate and fewer discipline problems (NFHS, 2002, p.2). March (1992) found that students who participate in extracurricularShow MoreRelatedInternational Federation Of State High School Athletes807 Words   |  4 PagesLiterature Review Relevance Participation in sports has steadily increased throughout the decades. As more and more major professional sports franchises continue to eclipse the one billion mark in value, the fame and wealth that can be obtained by reaching the profession ranks becomes irresistible to many students who have a passion for athletics. For some of these students, reaching the professional ranks is way to pull their family out of the lower class, and into the higher echelon of theRead MoreA Research Study On Curricular Activities1253 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom their academic work. This scenario tends to unfold either when a student is struggling academically or when the student wants to focus totally on academics to the exclusion of everything else. They feel that extra-curricular involvement is a waste of precious time. This is according to the study done by Massoni Erin 2011. In the past twenty years we have seen the new generation of young people being directed toward participating in school activities, mainly athletics. Today athletics and otherRead MoreThe Sports Of Intercollegiate And Interscholastic Sports1319 Words   |  6 Pagesvisibility to distort the nature of competitive sports. The college and high school coaches, as well as athletic directors are experiencing pressure from the alumni, fans and administration to win now not later, which has created a conflict between the academic and athletic communities on many campuses. Even though television networks like ESPN and SSN has turn intercollegiate and interscholastic athletics into prime time events, many universities and secondary schools are continuing to promote the missionRead MoreSports And Physical Activity Play1699 Words   |  7 Pagesduration of the sport or physical activity.If we get through to the teens then we can have a better future for our next generation. Participation in sports and activities provides benefits for teens in their future such as the possibilities for athletic scholarships, better college applications, and more career opportunities which stem from their interest sports. Participation in sports also improves work ethic which can be reflected in school work or grades. However, according to the National FederationRead MoreEssay on The Benefits of Participating in Team Sports1076 Words   |  5 Pagesdoubt that intercollegiate athletics is one of the significant filters through which the public looks at American post-secondary education said Lapchick, Sperber, Telander, and thelin (p. 1). This leads to multiple future college student-athletes being recruited by college coaches. In addition, Mixon, Toma and Cross stated, The publics image of an institution as well as it’s attractiveness to prospective students are often influenced by the performance of its athletic teams (p. 1). There are veryRead MoreEssay On Pay T o Play1452 Words   |  6 PagesSchool Athletics Purpose and Benefits of High School Athletics Emergence of Pay-to-Play Models and Impact on Participation Legal Implications of Pay-to-Play Models Barriers to Participation to Racial Minorities and Low Income Families Potential Changes to Minimize Impacts on Racial Minorities and Low Income Families Suggestions for Future Research Introduction Shrinking education budgets have resulted in cuts to high school athletic programs. In response to the cuts, many high school athletic programsRead MoreSports and Academic Achievement1494 Words   |  6 Pagesparticipate in athletics have greater academic success than students who do not participate in athletics. Central Michigan University April 24, 2012 Abstract Many studies have been done regarding the positive impact that athletics has on a student’s life. Studies have looked at the physical impact that athletics has on a student’s life like sportsmanship, healthy lifestyle, discipline, strategy, and time management. We will be looking at studies that have explored the impact that athletics has onRead MoreCorrelation Between Extracurricular Activities And Grade Point Averages1350 Words   |  6 Pagesfuture success. Association among peer acceptance, positive behaviours, character building, and G.P.A. are also included. Finally, the proven benefits of curricular activities found in recent studies will be described. 2.0.1. LITERATURE REVIEW. Academics are an important part of each student’s University years, especially since University grades play an integral role in promising jobs acceptance. Parents spend a lot of time encouraging their teens to study more and play less in the pursuit of thisRead MoreStudent Athletes And Academic Achievement953 Words   |  4 Pagesthe behavior of the subjects of the study. This phrase relates to a study that I may conduct because I would like to investigate how student-athletes’ academic achievement compares to that of non-student-athletes. In such an investigation, I would have no over influence over whether or a not a student participated in athletics nor their academic achievement. I would only be able to analyze data and determine if there were a relationship between the variables. Experimental Research (McMillan, 2012Read MoreAlcohol And Drugs And Their Effects On First Year Students1544 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol and Drugs and their Effects on First-Year Students Alcohol has been a part of human society for millennia. It can be found in churches, gas stations, supermarkets, and nearly everywhere else. Drugs are becoming more ubiquitous as well, with the legalization of cannabis now active in some form in 25 states (Maciag â€Å"State†). However, no single place is more saturated with alcohol and drugs than the college campus. Despite the troves of research that have been done to give evidence that they

Critical and Financial Analysis of Facebook Free Essays

Introduction Facebook is the social network which is used worldwide. It has been famous among the people within short period of the time. It links people from one place to another through easy access. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical and Financial Analysis of Facebook or any similar topic only for you Order Now Like Hotmail, G-mail, Yahoo; they are also the web based email service but face book is fast way to transfer any message and information among the people. More than â€Å"600† million of the people have been using this website which was launch in February 2004. In this website user open their personal profile, add other users as friends and join different page or user group according to their interest. They update their pictures, status according to their mood plus they will get automatic notification when they update their profile. The beginning of the face book was started from student, where they were given service stems from colloquial for the book by university administrations in the United States so they can know each other through this service. This helps students to communicate among the students regarding different subject matter. To have a face book account the user must be 13+. Then only they can have their accounts. Now we can use face book in every gadget where there is an internet access commonly are mobile, iphone etc we can know any information that is happening among our friends, family and the latest news wherever we go. Despite of our busy life this face book has been so popular even a single day without using it people won’t stay. In other word, face book have made our busy life easier by connecting people. History of facebook The founder of the face book is:†Mark Zuckerberg† who was the student of the â€Å"Harvard† and; had stolen the idea and some of the computer source code from his roomate. Before this website was used among only students of Harvard but was gradually expanded to other university later on. With the support of the students face book was officially launch for school and college level also. On the based on consumersreports.org it is assume that there were 7.5 million of the childern who join face book when it was legal for the childern for 13+. On Janauray 2009 face book was the most popular social networking service within month. When Mr. Zuckerberg launch this site he was charged by administration for copyright and was close for few days later on he expanded this project by creating a study tool. Again after when it was launch he was accused by his friend Cameron Winklevoss, Tyler Winklevioss and Divya Narendra by misleading them in a fake dream so he can help them to build a social network called Harvardconnection.com. There were a lot of investigation regarding this so finally he was charged against that. Within first month the student were restricted to use this accounts but the expansion of site was so fast mostly in canada and united state. On 26 september 2006 the face book was for everyone of age 13 with an vaild email id. Now we can see how it’s been among us in our day to day life. Every second we can found people comments and launching new page with new idea. Now it’s the 3rd largest US web company after Google and Amazon. DATA Total active User DateUser (in million)Days laterMonthly August 26,20081001,665178.38% April 8,200920022513.33% Sept 15,200930015010% February 5,20104001426.99% July 21, 20105001664.52% January 5, 20116001683.57% The above data has been collected for the internet through the help of the google. It shows how many user are been increased in a particular date. Like in august 26,2008; 100 millon people were using face book which is really alot. This shows how it was so popular among the student since the beginning of this web site was started from students. We can find the increament of the user around 2009 and 2010 alot and alot so finally around 2011 january 5 the total user of face book were 600 million people and estimation is more for the coming year. REVENUE (estimated in millions US$) YearRevenueGrowth 2006$52– 2007$150188% 2008$28087% 2009$775177% 2010$2000158% This table shows how the revenue has been increased with the increasing user. Mostly the revenue has come from the advertisement. It serves microsoft as bannner adverstisement and only those company who exist in the microsoft ‘s advertisement inventory. The above bar graph shows the age group who has used face book so often. It’s shows the clear diagram about how often we are using face book. As per the diagram the age group 18-25 they are using the face book in large amount and the least user are from 55-65. But over all we can see the user of face book is mostly femal user who is using face book so often. Website As we know it is an social networking service where user open their account with particular profile picture information about them,contact information and their interest. User should have their valid email address which is needed when they are login and a password for the privacy so you can only open your accounts. When they open it shows notification, new changes happening in there, message and friends request. Whatever notification user gets like comments, friends request, message and other stuff. User can accept the friend request according to their wish, they can look at their information and can add or ignore them. They can upload their new pictures,share the music video,comments and can join different other groups according to their interest There is notification section over the top where you can see the all notification who comment on your status, pictures. Who tag you in which picture everythings which are linked with you. Also you can change your status according to your mood and interest. On the side you can see how many friends you have got and you can even classifiy them into relationship as brother, sister, mother, husband etc.. There is privacy setting also which allows the user to do private setting for the account where he/she can make the setting in a such a way where the another user can not view their profile until and unless they are theirs friends. User can block the person whom they do not like and who are doing something beyond the limitation like abuse so they can report as abuse when they are going to block that person. They can even hide the personal information about them through the help privacy setting. They can even chat with their friends online like Yahoo and Messanger which is shown in the corner of the web page. Its shows how many people is online over that tab with their names of face book. You can even use different name as your wish and desire. The other facilities of this web is we can search for the person which is member of face book but not your friend and send a friend request as well as a message. Its’ true wonderfulness is that it makes every ceremony more rejoicable lik e birthdays, anniversery since whole world participates in wishing you. You can create many album to put the picture. And can tag those picture to your friends and even kept the one as your profile picture. So people can recognize you and can add you in their face book. Some times this website work as medium to transfer the news. Although we don’t have time to watch news but the news feed over the face book page so that you are always updated. Criticism Due to its popularity face book has been the matter for debate. Where we can see this website is the mostly use by young generation as the above diagram shows it. Where different activities has been accorded after joining it. Several countries has been blocked such in Iran, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Bangladesh etc because it is judge as anti-Islamic and something about the religious discrimination. Some of the work place has been banned using the face book because the workers are busy using facebook rather than working. Newly arised debate about face book is regarding it’s having no privacy since any hackers and phishers and top most thing face book does not hold accounts which is clearly written in contract but user do not bother to read them. Impact Being a face book user there a lot of impact which has been caused in our day to day life. Although it has been use worldwide but it shows a lot of impact in society, economic and media. There are been alot of case which cause as distruction in a family and society. As a example: in nepal we found a case where a married guy take his wife picture and with the help of photoshop he cut done his wife n put it into the another picture where a girl is totally naked. He shared this picture to all of this friend as per result when his wife came to know about it there was a lot of conflicts between them. Another case was found in the capital city of nepal where 19 years boy backmailing a girl age 25 to put her naked picture in facebook although the boy was caught but still we can see this problem in our day to day life. Even in uk we can hear a lot of news regarding sucide because their friends are making their fun in face book which they can not tolerate. Its all because we are using it so frequently in our life and it became as a part of our day to day rota. People are afraid to face any situation although it will be wrong but still will be famous when they are kept in face book and in a few moment all user will become to know about it.Another problem is created by parents it’s self who open there children accounts as we can know we are not allowed to open account until and unless we are 13 but still we can find their accounts of face book. Even we can find hackers who can do whatever with our accounts which are not using offen. As a major problem the youth are been more addict with this,where the most important think is their future but they forget this and become busy with picture, comments, status in face book. Even this is happening with the workers who focus in face book rather than doing some work. But for the company they are using face book in different way for adveristment, where they get benefit and plus the owner of facebook is also getting the benefit. And face book are more often use for sending message and giving news which is really positive point. Before it was used as a medium to transfer the notes to other student but now it has been use as a communicating other stuff. One thing is for sure whatever we post in face book it’s easy to spread them among the friends rather than sending email. conclusion This new technology has change so many things in our life with new mobile, iphone we get chance to use face book and even chat from there. This new technology has change our life so hard even a second it’s hard to manage with out it. Because we are so addict with it even a single day we can’t stay without openning it. Over all we can make a figure through which we can know the girls are more addict with face book no matter what’s there age. Face book is the 3rd largest company who earns alot of money. It has make life easy by making easy access to comunicate with people. Within short period so time it became so popular among the people but it got advantage and disadvantage also. People who are new with it can not figure it out what it is. But it depends upon the ourselves whither we want to misuse it or use in correct way. Its all about our view althought it is huge matter of discussion but no matter how long it will be going on the user of face book is increasing in every second and minute. Reference http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook http://www.legalandrew.com/2007/07/21/facebook-and-the-law-8-things-to-know/ http://www.google.co.uk/search?q=facebook+founder+picturehl=enprmd=ivnstbm=ischtbo=usource=univsa=Xei=zeHRTdC_PJGLhQeu49yTCgved=0CB8QsAQbiw=1366bih=667 http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/05/14/BUHP1JFJFN.DTLtype=tech How to cite Critical and Financial Analysis of Facebook, Essay examples

Effects of Terrorism on Economic Performance

Question: Discuss about the Effects of Terrorism on Economic Performance. Answer: Introduction: International relations can be defined as the manner in which two or more countries behave, interact and regard each other in terms of cultural, political and economic relationships. It is an academic discipline that focuses on the interactions between states giving deep cultural understanding. International relation is necessary to ensure safety in the world. As the world is becoming smaller due to advancement in globalization and technology, peace between the nations is becoming extremely important (Ryder, 2016). In the current world, thousands of nuclear weapons exist where there are attacks without warnings, it is important to know about the importance of international relations. Positive international relations between nations shall boost prosperity, peace, harmony and economy. However, poor international relations between countries may lead to horrific consequences (Khan, Ruiz Estrada, 2015). For example, World War I was a consequence of poor international relations and the mo st destructive wars could have been prevented in Germany, England and France if the relations were good. This essay aims at analyzing the relations of the Islamic State with the US and other Western countries including Australia. The Islamic State has become a terror group destroying peace in the world (Siniver, Lucas, 2016). The essay argues if the threat posed by Islamic State is justified or overrated. The Islamic State, also known as Islamic State of Iraq and Syria or ISIS, is the name of the group after it conquered Western Iraq, Libya and Eastern Syria. The government of the Islamic state are based on the application of Sharia, which is the Islamic law for maintenance of justice, law and order. The Islamic State was originated after the US invasion of Iraq in 2003 when the Jordanian militant Abu Musab al-Zarqawi aligned his militant group, Jamaat al-Tawhid wal-Jihad, with al-Qaeda, making it al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) (Siniver, Lucas, 2016). It is argued that the threat of Islamic State is increasing the challenge to international peace and security. According to the third report of the Secretary general Jeffrey Feltman, the United Efforts is putting significant efforts to counter the threats posed by the Islamic state to international peace and security. The sole aim of ISIS is to weaken the efforts of the United Nations in achieving international peace and security (Ryder, 2016). ISIS is considered a significant threat to the US and their allies including Australia. Their desire to establish a modern caliphate is hindered by the US. The ISIS considers that attacking US can add to the advantage of establishing a caliphate. The Islamic State has resources such as finance, oil reserves, medium and heavy weapons from Iraqi and Syrian militaries and infrastructure (Hashim, 2014). Not only this, but ISIS has access to deployment of conventional and unconventional weapons. Islamic State is not only a terrorist group, but they are a successful movement with nihilistic philosophy (Lawson, 2015). Their social media postings on YouTube and Twitter show that their main target audience is the West. Their territorial control allows them to have access to adequate cash by selling electricity, exporting oil and running an extensive extortion racket (Khan, Ruiz Estrada, 2015). According to Munoz (2016), the White Houses counterterrorism official stated that the threat faced by the US and its European allies are increasing significantly after the September 11 attacks (Munoz, 2016). The Islamic State is on a rise and has the ability to expand across the globe and is more powerful than Al Qaeda after the attacks in 2001 in the World Trade Center (Munoz, 2016). As stated by Mr. Rasmussen, the National Counterterrorism Center Chief, the Islamic State has decentralized and diverse nature that allow them to move quickly without much warning that proves to be more dangerous than any other terrorist groups. The Islamic State is dependent on the lone-wolf attackers, who are inspired by the jihad ideology (Munoz, 2016). In case of Al Qaeda, individual operatives were planted inside US as sleeper cells adding to the definite linkage (Lawson, 2015). However, Islamic State lacks such linkages that make US susceptible to radicalization (Munoz, 2016). According to the US intelligence agencies, there is high risk of failure as the type of attacks such as 9/11 takes immense amount of finance, communication and coordination (Munoz, 2016). The US intelligence officials are still struggling to handle the conflict in Yemen, where Al Qaeda establishes a major threshold due to the civil war (Munoz, 2016). It is argued that South Korea is increasing security measures to prevent a potential attack from the Islamic State in the US military and Korea. Donald Trump, the US President called for suspension of immigrants from the places where the terrorists operate (Padden, 2016). The supporters of ISIS threatened to attack Heathrow Airport in 2016 (Dearden, 2016). According to the Intelligence Group, a device would be placed either in New York Airport, Los Angeles International Airport or Heathrow when the Americans were about to celebrate Independence Day. These are the busiest airports in US and stringent security measures were taken (Dearden, 2016). Not only US, but Islamic State threatens the Western countries such as Russia, France, Australia and others (Khan, Ruiz Estrada, 2015). The Australian Government is taking steps to counter terrorism threats. According to Gillman (2016), a terrorizing video was released by ISIS that encouraged terror among the Australians. The footage included bloody executions, mangled bodies and missile attacks showing multiple possibilities of attacks in Melbourne. Melbournes cricket ground and city centre were shown in the video captured by the drone. The footage also captured St. Pauls Cathedral, and Qantas passenger plane at the Melbourne Airport. The current terror threat level of Australia is considered probable (Gillman, 2016). ISIS has evolved with its own judiciary, army, and administration. They are the most heavily-armed group in the history as they have captured abundant military weapons and equipments in Iran and Syria. According to Gillman (2016), ISIS is considered as the richest terrorist group. The group has looted more than five banks in Iraq. Mosuls Central Bank alone yielded more than $400 million dollars in Iraqi currency and gold. ISIS also controls the oil field in Iraq and Syria and generates money from ransoms given by the family of hostages (Rochester, 2013). Every inch on the ground won by ISIS inflates their power and to be the leader of Sunni Muslims (Siniver, Lucas, 2016). The Western allies were determined for a tough fight against ISIS after an attack was called against them. France, a Western ally of the US is also targeted by ISIS. According to the information gathered, the ISIS were planning to attack Europe during the Christmas holiday season and related events. Therefore, the people were asked to be alert as it was predicted that the terrorist group might attack with little or no warning. According to the investigation conducted by CNN, the terrorist link was operating inside Syria. Suspects aged 29 and 37 were arrested as they were considered a part of the operation (Cruickshank, 2016). According to Yan and Levs (2014), the French Interior Minister stated that the terrorists had planned for execution of hostages and mass slaughters. According to the Australian Prime Minister, the government is taking security measures to keep the Australians as safe as possible. The US took measures to ensure safety of its citizens. The leader of ISIS called fo r lone-wolf attacks in France and United States as they were conducting airstrikes in Iraq against Islamic State. The ISIS spokesman also said that they shall kill any disbeliever, be it American, French or any of their allies. The spokesman added that the Americans and Europeans started a war against them and they shall have to pay a huge price for it. The ISIS threatened to make the worldly life into fear and fire by exploding the world, attacking bases, cutting off peoples heads, remove the family from their homes and blow up their homes. However, France is not afraid of such threats as they have been attacked before on the values for humanism and tolerance. They have security and strategies to respond to such threats (Yan, Levs, 2014). However, it is argued that Islamic State threat is overstated. According to a press conference held in Argentina, the ex-President Obama stated that the Islamic State cannot destroy US. They are not an existential threat and are simply murders that have perverted as the Muslim religion. They only intend to encourage fear by killing innocent lives and disrupting the normal lives in the society. ISIS is dangerous and is capable of conducting acts of terrorism, but the terrorists may succeed if the United States believes that they cannot stand against them (Benen, 2016). According to Engelhardt (2016), the Islamic State has generated a stream of revenues through oil sales black market, ransacking the heritage of the region, ransoms from kidnapping and looting the banks. However, it is a self-limited movement that is only capable of expanding if more regions are laid to waste. The Islamic State is so deeply sectarian that it shall never gain the support of Christian, Shia, Alawite or Yaz idi. Also, the practices followed by them are too religious and political that cannot be followed by the Sunnis. It is also argued that it shall take decades and cost around $200 billion that is thrice the Gross Domestic product of Syria to rebuild the nation (Engelhardt, 2016). Again, it is argued that ISIS is not a threat to the US. ISIS is considered as an example of a group of extremists making themselves larger and maintaining their institutional power. More than the attacks, panic prevails among the people due to regular fear infusions. According to Daoud (2014), the US and its allies are turning to Iran for help. Iran is a sober and calculating foe with global reach; the discipline of its loyal cadres and its quest for nuclear weapons make ISIS pale in comparison. Iran is making diplomatic gains in the crisis represented by the ISIS. Therefore, ISIS may be a distraction from the potential threat that can be caused by Iran. America has also given concessions to Iran as they are assisting the nation (Khan, Ruiz Estrada, 2015). The Western countries may lack extensive understanding of the nature of Iranian regime. Iran does not want regional stability, but is looking for power and influence. It is easier for Iran to obtain nuclear weapons. Currently, Ir an may be viewed as a lesser threat than ISIS, but it is possible that ISIS is overrated (Daoud, 2014). Conclusively, the United Nations plays an important role in maintaining international peace and security. International relation is necessary to ensure safety in the world. In the current world, thousands of nuclear weapons exist where there are attacks without warnings, it is important to know about the importance of international relations. The Islamic State has become a terror group destroying peace in the world. The government of the Islamic state are based on the application of Sharia, which is the Islamic law for maintenance of justice, law and order. The sole aim of ISIS is to weaken the efforts of the United Nations in achieving international peace and security. Their social media postings on YouTube and Twitter show that their main target audience is the West. The Islamic State is dependent on the lone-wolf attackers, who are inspired by the jihad ideology. Every inch on the ground won by ISIS inflates their power and to be the leader of Sunni Muslims. They only intend to en courage fear by killing innocent lives and disrupting the normal lives in the society. However, it is a self-limited movement that is only capable of expanding if more regions are laid to waste. Also, ISIS may be a distraction from the potential threat that can be caused by Iran. References Benen, S. (2016).Obama on ISIS: 'They're not an existential threat to us'.MSNBC. Retrieved 3 May 2017, from https://www.msnbc.com/rachel-maddow-show/obama-isis-theyre-not-existential-threat-us Cruickshank, P. (2016).US issues Europe travel alert after France foils ISIS-linked plot.CNN. Retrieved 3 May 2017, from https://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/21/us/us-europe-travel-alert-isis/ Daoud, D. (2014).Is ISIS Distracting Us from a More Serious Iranian Threat?.The Tower. Retrieved 3 May 2017, from https://www.thetower.org/article/is-isis-distracting-us-from-a-more-serious-threat/ Dearden, L. (2016).Isis supporters threaten attacks on Heathrow and US airports.The Independent. Retrieved 3 May 2017, from https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/isis-islamic-state-threat-attacks-heathrow-us-airports-lax-jfk-fourth-of-july-weekend-independence-a7115296.html Engelhardt, T. (2016).America has grown cowardly: ISIS is no threat to our existence whatsoever.Salon. Retrieved 3 May 2017, from https://www.salon.com/2016/01/10/in_the_shadow_of_the_iron_curtain_why_isis_is_the_minor_leagues_of_terror_partner/ Gillman, O. (2016).New ISIS video encourages homegrown terror attacks in Australia.Mail Online. Retrieved 3 May 2017, from https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3945290/ISIS-propaganda-video-encourages-homegrown-terror-attacks-Australia-lists-Melbourne-Airport-St-Paul-s-Cathedral-targets.html Hashim, A. (2014). The Islamic State: From al-Qaeda Affiliate to Caliphate.Middle East Policy,21(4), 69-83. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12096 Khan, A., Ruiz Estrada, M. (2015). The effects of terrorism on economic performance: the case of Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS).Quality Quantity,50(4), 1645-1661. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11135-015-0226-9 Lawson, S. (2015).Theories of international relations(1st ed.). UK: Polity Press. Munoz, C. (2016).ISIS makes terrorism threat facing U.S. gravest since 9/11 attacks.The Washington Times. Retrieved 3 May 2017, from https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/sep/7/isis-makes-terrorism-threat-facing-us-gravest-sinc/ Padden, B. (2016).South Korea Warns of Islamic State Threat Against US Bases.VOA. Retrieved 3 May 2017, from https://www.voanews.com/a/south-korea-warns-of-islamic-state-threat-against-us-military-bases/3383500.html Rochester, J. (2013).The fundamental principles of international relations(1st ed.). New York: Westview Press. Ryder, N. (2016). Out with the Old and In with the Old? A Critical Review of the Financial War on Terrorism on the Islamic State of Iraq and Levant.Studies In Conflict Terrorism, 1-17. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1057610x.2016.1249780 Siniver, A., Lucas, S. (2016). The Islamic State lexical battleground: US foreign policy and the abstraction of threat.International Affairs,92(1), 63-79. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12507 Yan, H., Levs, J. (2014).ISIS calls for attacks in U.S. and allies - CNN.com.CNN. Retrieved 3 May 2017, from https://edition.cnn.com/2014/09/22/world/meast/isis-threatens-west/

File System and Nokia N8 Essay Example

File System and Nokia N8 Essay We have recently tried XEON Belle  Refresh  CFW on our Nokia N8 upon user recommendations and its really good and stable. Xeon’s CFW has only  English  and  Italian languages. (Italian as default, you can change it into  English  later on). Detailed change-logs are available after the break. Before you start following this tutorial, we recommend you to have a look at  Cfficial Nokia Belle Refresh Change-logs. THIS CUSTOM  FIRMWARE  IS ONLY FOR NOKIA N8, DO NOT TRY IT ON ANY OTHER DEVICE OR YOU’LL BRICK IT UP. PLEASE DO NOT ASK WHETHER THIS CUSTOM  FIRMWARE  WOULD BE AVAILABLE FOR ANY OTHER DEVICE, OTHER THAN NOKIA N8. Xeon Belle  Refresh  3. 4. 7 for N8 – Change-log 111. 040. 1511 – S^4 Xeon 3. 4. 7 – 23/10/2012 -Update Qt WebKit 4. 8. 2 -Fix +System+ (Rimozione Social) New Music player Dolby Digital effects for headphones added Belle FP1 Multi Tasking Manager Custom THEME EFFECTS (C:/Animations/Effects) Modded Widgets and Clocks Hacked – can install all unsigned apps / games / widgets without certificate errors Battery and Signals made colorful Signals Symbol Changed Starting Bootscreen added More than 6 homescreens can be added Camera Mute Mod added Resume downloads from the internet in default web browser Vibration on phone lock / unlock removed 200MB  FREE PHONE  MEMORY 10 Music Equalizer Settings Added All Apps can be renamed Cache shifted to E:/   Downloaded  from N8 Fan Club Send protected files from default file manager Call logs will be saved for 999 days Added ROM PATCHER with Lots of Patches How to Flash Xeon Belle  Refresh  111. 040. 1511 on Nokia N8 YOU CAN ALSO TAKE HELP FROM OUR  VIDEO TUTORIAL GUIDE OVER HERE 1. Download amp; Install Phoenix from here:  PSS_2012. 04. 003. 47798_latest. xe (Make sure to disable your Anti-virus to avoid Insert Nokia Dongle Error) 2. Download   All three files and extract them all to RM-596 folder. Password for extraction is:  Xeon^4 Core:                           S4(3. 4. 7)R1. 7z ROFS2:                     S4(3. 4. 7)R2-EN. 7z ROFS3/UDA:   S4(3. 4. 7)R3. 7z (Note that this  firmware  is pre-hacked, you are not required to hack / unlock it using  Norton Hack) 3. Make sure you have extracted all  firmware  files in folder path: C:/Program Files/Nokia/Phoenix/Products/RM-596 (If RM-596 folder doesn’t exist, you need to create RM-596 folder yourself and paste the  firmware  files inside it) 4. We will write a custom essay sample on File System and Nokia N8 specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on File System and Nokia N8 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on File System and Nokia N8 specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Now connect your Nokia N8 in  Ovi Suite Mode with  USB cable  and run Phoenix 5. Goto File and hit Scan Product (wait for some time) 6. Proceed to Flashing and hit  Firmware  update. 7. Select the  firmware  product code with three dots (†¦) (Select:  0599750: euro1_dg_italy) and click OK. (Don’t worry for the product code, it can be any one) | Click to  enlarge| 8. Now hit the options button, just beneath SW  Reset  button and a window will appear. Delete:  RM-596_M005. 50. emmc. fpsx  as show below | Click to  enlarge| 9. Now  Click on Software  Reset  button. The flashing process would start and might ask you to disconnect  USB cable  and connect it again and slightly push the power button on N8 to initiate flashing Nokia Belle  RefreshCustom  Firmware. Flashing would hardly take 3 – 5 minutes on an average PC. Enjoy the Nokia Belle  RefreshCFW on your Nokia N8 with all new widgets. (The flashing process is similar for every Nokia Belle Device, however you cannot use  firmware  of one device on any other device) Backup Downloads 808FanClub. com_Video_amp;_Photo_Editors_-_ALL_langs. _by_SkullATOS_unsigned. sis QuickOffice_Belle_Euro3_Unsigned__6. 4. 6. sis AdobeReaderLE_v10. 0. 245. sis F-Secure_Anti-Theft_v7. 00. 17415. sis InternetSearch_v3. 0. 8. sis MicrosoftCommunicator_v2. 1. 369. sis Microsoft_office_for_nokia_bell_Unsigned. zip Nokia_Evolve_V3_Original_Pro_Edition_Signed. sis nokia_maps_suite_3_458612. 00_12wk9_b05_PRD_STORE. sis OviMusic_v13. 2. 24. sis storeinstaller_tb92_QTbundle_prd_PROD_3. 24. 053. sisx Languages in this  Firmware: English  and Italian Frequently Asked Questions: Q: I am using another Belle  Refresh  CFW (111. 040. 1511), will I have to downgrade first? A: If you are using another Belle  Refresh  CFW based on v111. 040. 511 (for instance Diamond Belle   Refreshor PVN’s CFW), you won’t be required to downgrade, just flash this  firmware. Even if you are using AminKing v11 till now, you can   simply flash it using the flashing method as mentioned above, no downgrade is required. Q: I   want to return back to Official Nokia Belle  Refresh  v111. 040. 1511, what to do? A: Just download Official Nokia Belle  Refresh  Firmware  v111. 040. 1511 from NaviFirm and flash it in the same way with Phoenix. Q: Can I downgrade this  firmware? In case I want to return back to Symbian Anna? A: Yes you can downgrade using this  downgrade tutorial over here. Q: My Nokia N8 went dead after following this guide, what to do? A: First of all, don’t worry, try to  Flash your Nokia N8 in DEAD USB Mode. It will be fine. Q: Will updating to this CFW or Downgrading from CFW to PR 1. 0 erase my all data from the phone? A: NO! Your data would remain preserved in E:/ MASS MEMORY, however backup of your important data is always recommended. Q: My phone doesn’t scan for music / songs after flashing this CFW? A: Place all your music files in  E:/Music Q: Where should I place the  custom theme effects  after flashing this  firmware? A: Extract your  custom theme effects  in  C:/Animations/effects You might also like:

Discipline Essays - Pedagogy, Educational Psychology, Human Behavior

Discipline Essays - Pedagogy, Educational Psychology, Human Behavior Discipline Discipline is more than keeping a group of children or young people quiet while being talked to. Preserving good behavior is certainly one aspect to discipline, for learning it in an atmosphere of confusion is difficult. Children have to learn to conform to the rules of behavior needed in a classroom. Teachers have the right to ask for a quiet class, keep the students in their seats, and have the right to discipline them if they do not cooperate. When a teacher expresses his or her thoughts, feelings, and beliefs in direct, honest, and appropriate ways that do not violate the right of others, and when the message does not humiliate, degrade, or dominate the one being talked to, he or she is using Assertive Discipline. In order for a teacher to maintain control of his or her class they must use Assertive Discipline. In order for a teacher to have his or her needs met, they can influence the behavior of the children. Without influence a teacher is "powerless" and will become "burned out." (Canter, 2) There is no simple answer to why this happens. A number of complex factors have combined to create an environment in which teachers are having trouble in getting personal and professional needs met. Until the past decade, the teacher was looked at as the main person in the classroom by students and parents. The teacher, simply because of their role status, had respect and authority. Thus, the teacher was a "powerful" figure in the eyes of the students and could easily influence the student's behavior, often with just a look, smile, or a threat.(Canter,3) All of that is now changed. Today, a teacher has to earn the respect of both the students and their parents. A teacher's basic techniques of influence, or discipline, is no longer as effective as getting the desired results. The discipline approaches of the 1950's and 1960's do not work with the students of the 1990's. In addition, the teacher cannot rely on the strong support of the parents anymore. Many parents are openly questioning, the education that their children are receiving, and do not feel they want to support the needs of their child's teachers. Teachers cannot get their needs met in a classroom unless they have an effective method of discipline in which they thoroughly understand and comfortable utilize. An assertive teacher is: "One who clearly and firmly communicates his or her wants and needs to his or her students, and is prepared to reinforce their words with appropriate actions." (Canter,9) When a teacher is assertive, and clearly and firmly communicates their wants and feelings to a child, they send a clear message. This message simply states: "I mean what I say and say what I mean."(Collins, 155) Lee Canter, a child guidance specialist, has found that while most teachers make lesson plans as a routine matter, very few make discipline plans. Planning is essential to teaching well. Lesson planning is second nature to teachers. Lesson plans are part of a professional routine, and are done almost automatically when the need arises. However, planning for discipline is an entirely different story. The vast majority of teachers have learned or have been exposed to the steps involved in planning discipline programs, especially those to be used specifically with disruptive students. Because of teachers' frustrations, all we often hear is their complaining about how difficult the students really are. Such complaining may help to relieve the strain of dealing with difficult students, but it in no way helps to solve the problem. Planning your discipline efforts, and utilizing assertive principles, are as essential to teaching as a lesson plan. (Charles,128) Discipline planning will structure and guide classroom management efforts the same as lesson planning for academic efforts. Discipline plans are important and helpful to all teachers. Charles, urges to make discipline plans according to the following steps: 1) Identify any existing or potential discipline problems. 2) Specify the behaviors you want the students to eliminate or engage in. 3) Decide on negative and positive consequences appropriate to the student and situation. 4) Decide how to execute the negative and positive consequences.(Charles, 129) Discipline planning is the systematic applications of the

Legislative Acts (Evolution of Management Class) Essay

Legislative Acts (Evolution of Management Class) - Essay Example ERISA ensures that employees get their due benefits within the given time in a reasonable and just manner. Employees get surety and contentment that at their retirement age, they will get income security and welfare plans. As ERISA is related to employees working in any organization, therefore, the act is quite influential in business sector. The employees get satisfaction related to their retirement and there is a sense of hopefulness that they will not be left unattended at their retirement age. Due to this act and its implementation, the employees are encouraged to work in any business sector with job and income security. They do not face problems regarding their retirement as according to the act, they have their due rights such as income security and welfare plans associated with retirement. The United States department of Labor ensures that employers or other authorities, who are responsible for violating the act, are taken under check considering civil action. Criminal penalties are also imposed on the violators of the act due to which, the employers are restricted to take care of their employees (United States Department of Labor, 2009). Due to ERISA, the business is influenced to a great extent as the employers as well as employees, everyone is aware of his rights and the reaction of violating the act. The employees get a sense of security while the employers get a sense of responsibility towards his employees. ERISA is quite a significant act as it ensures that employees get their due rights even at their retirement. The act fulfils the tenets of humanistic era as the employees get reward for their work and get a sense of contentment related to their jobs with businesses. Employees are able to recognize their hardships and works related to their jobs and are also able to gain knowledge about their rights according to their jobs. ERISA makes sure that employees get what they are to get because of their jobs. The employer

Caliban in The Tempest Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Caliban in The Tempest - Essay Example The Shakespearean Drama â€Å"The Tempest† involves some ever relevant concepts and characteristics. This play would remain pointless without the distinctive character Caliban who represents the victims of colonization, precisely the natives. Caliban is portrayed as someone who undergoes suffering for no reason in his own region which is captured by a foreigner Prospero. Coupled with certain circumstances and inefficiency, Caliban falls into the bondage of slavery. Significantly, the sufferings of Caliban no matter physical or mental greatly resemble the suffering natives in captured regions. In the play, Caliban is merely a savage or uncivilized ‘half-human, half-monster’ creature whom Prospero dominates and tries to civilize by imposing different tasks on him. Arguably, this was how the so called ‘Prosperos’ perceived their captives. Caliban may have his own reasons for showing unwillingness to accept a foreign culture. Hence, being a slave, Caliban intends to finish Prospero who is mighty and highly ambitious. But Caliban fails in the attempt to kill Prospero even though he is assisted by Trinculo and Stephano. Bloom and Heims put this relation in this way; â€Å"Caliban, very much concerned with revenge, also takes on taint anality through the words of Trinculo and Stephano† (227). This is an attempt to regain the island which belongs to him as hereditary property or possession. This resistance clearly illustrates the unsuccessful movements evolved in certain captured regions after the realization of belongingness. Often these revolutions and revolts were emerged once they were fed up with ill-treatment and domination. And it was reasonable that they sought aid from others to wipe out the illegally invaded outsiders. Hence, it is essential to make a comparison between Prospero and Caliban in this context. Prospero realizes his target, makes preparations and waits for the opportunity to avenge his foes whereas, Caliban too realizes his target but fails to make preparations accordingly to execute the plan in a right manner. Therefore, Caliban’s failure is a clear outcome of one’s emotional reaction against a crisis without realizing one’s own potential and weakness. Caliban as a post colonialism representative should have improved his own potential to resist the occupation of Prospero on the island rather than being foolish to seek external assistance. Knowing the past has greater influence in understanding the present better. Therefore, Shakespeare clearly analyzes the past of Caliban who is a resident of this particular island. The drama indicates that Caliban being the son of the witch Sycorax undergoes a tragic experience that continues with the arrival of Prospero into the island. The most significant change takes place with the departure of Sycorax. The death of Sycorax makes Prospero more powerful that even Caliban is enslaved by him. This entire concept can be interpre ted by interconnecting the invading role of different powerful kingdoms to many underdeveloped and uncivilized regions across the world and their ill-treatment to the nationalities. This enslavement completely consumes the hope of freedom and liberty. Since Caliban being the servant is made to perform every action for the benefit of the master Prospero. However, it indirectly assists the progress of the natives although it is not deliberate. One such act is pointed by Lazarus as â€Å"it is something commonplace in postcolonial literary studies that, like Shakespeare’s Caliban colonized people were able to appreciate a language that was imposed on them and use it to their own ends† (144). It is the similar case witnessed in many captured regions as they are compelled to fulfill the ambition of the mighty, powerful rulers who captured them. Specifically, speaking upon the career of Caliban is demanding as he is the prime sufferer of the play. Moreover, the revolt and di ssatisfaction begin from the very moment when Caliban is captured and enslaved. Apart from

Human Trafficking Case Study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human Trafficking Case Study - Research Paper Example Men are also very susceptible for trafficking. They are mainly trafficked by worldwide criminal organizations. There are several cases in which human trafficking takes place. Some of the cases are whereby people are convinced into going to other countries with the promise of getting better jobs and comfortable lives. Mostly, it always turns out to be untrue. This context discusses hundreds of workers from Thailand being promised high wages by the California based company named Global Horizons Inc and instead paying them little to nothing while treating them like scum, taking their passports on arrival and threatening deportation (Bureau of National Affairs, 2007). Human trafficking is one of the most dangerous forms of discrimination. Thailand experiences major challenges as a source, passage and destination country on human trafficking mainly women and children. The tendency of trafficking for enforced labor is rising in level in the agricultural, construction and fishing organizati ons. Human trafficking is a modern correspondent of slavery (Crawford, 2009). Opposing their will, thousands of people around the globe are enforced to work for the benefit of other people. For instance by becoming beggars, prostitutes, working in sweatshops, unintentional servitude or even turning into child soldiers. People that are trafficked are usually enslaved or in circumstances of debt oppression that are deceitful and oppressive. Traffickers will carry away or mistreat the fundamental human rights of their victims, who most possibly have been tricked and enticed by fake promises or physically enforced into their circumstances. Trafficking is a regular practice to convince people to leave their homes and move to neighboring countries that are wealthier where they can work in services like domestic services, adult care or waiter and waitresses in restaurants. Upon advent, their passports, visa, and return permits are taken away from them, efficiently; these people are impriso ned, either bodily or financially or psychologically. The trafficked people are made to labor as household slaves or as agricultural or industrial unit workers, in slave-like circumstances. The trafficked people virtually do not see their money that they earn, and finally they are sold. Because every person wants to have a good life, people get easily lured when being promised a good life, which in turn never comes to be true and instead they turn out to be slaves when they are taken to the foreign countries. Once passports and other legal documents are taken from these people, they become helpless since they are threatened in several ways. There are various causes for human trafficking. People around the world, benefit in satisfaction and in price of mistreating others. Poverty and worldwide inequalities in the rule of law are situations in which human trafficking, like HIV/AIDS and other killers of the underprivileged, thrives. In regions of the world that are poorer where learnin g and employment chances are inadequate, are the most susceptible in society. Runways, immigrant, or people who are displaced are the most frequent sufferers of human trafficking. People who are looking for chances and access to other countries may possibly be taken by traffickers and deceived into believing that they will be liberated subsequent to being smuggled across the boundary. Global Horizons Inc is farm labor contractor which is Beverly Hills California based. Global Horizons is challenged to have engaged in a pattern or performance of

Risk Analysis And Vulnerability Information Technology Essay

Risk Analysis And Vulnerability Information Technology Essay The term risk management has been established in the last twenty years as an evolution of the term insurance management. The field of risk management includes a huge variety of activities and responsibilities than does insurance management. Risk management is now a widely accepted description of a discipline within most large organizations. Common risks such as building catastrophes, personnel injuries, and automobile accidents, as well as more major threats like product liability, environmental impairment, and employment practices, are the fields of the risk management department in a typical corporation. Although risk management has usually to do with property and loss, nowadays it is considerate to include financial risk management, such as interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and derivatives, but also new types of risks that businesses expose themselves in E-commerce. As the role of risk management has increased, some large companies have begun invest in large-scale programs k nown as enterprise risk management. Risk management involves identifying, analyzing, and taking measures to decrease the exposures to threats towards organization. Risk management uses many techniques, to manage a multiple risks. Every business faces risks, some of which are easy to predict and under special managers control, and others which are apart from unpredictable, are also uncontrollable. Risk management is important for all kind of businesses. More specific, for small businesses, there are many types of threats, such as theft, fire, flood, legal liability, injury, or disability, which can cause serious economical damage, even bankruptcy. These kinds of losses and liabilities can affect companys operations and decrease its profits at very low even to zero level. On the other hand, many large companies are able to hire a risk manager to predict risks and execute a plan to protect the firm against them; unlikely to smaller companies, they dont include a risk manager in their annual budget. Instead, the handling of the threat probably will come from small business owner. ANALYSIS Risk assessment involves the integration of threat, vulnerability, and consequence information. Risk management involves deciding which protective measures to take based on an agreed upon risk reduction strategy. Many models/methodologies have been developed by which threats, vulnerabilities, and risks are integrated and then used to inform the allocation of resources to reduce those risks. Threat Assessment A threat assessment is the first thing to examine in a risk management plan. A variety of threats are being considered in a threat assessment considers such us natural, criminal, terrorist, accidental, etc. for specific facility or location. In order to evaluate the possibility of occurrence for each threat, the assessment should examine all types of information needed. For natural threats, a risk manager should determine the credibility of the given threat by using historical data concerning frequency of occurrence for given natural disasters such as tornadoes, hurricanes, floods, fire, or earthquakes. For criminal threats, the facility maybe is threatened from many types of criminal activities and that is why a risk manager should examine the crime rates in the surrounding area. Of course, the type of assets and activity which are taking place in the facility may also increase the possibility of a criminal attack by external or even internal aggressors. Furthermore the type of assets and activity which are taking place in the facility will also relate directly to the possibility of different types of accidents. For example, if heavy industrial machinery are utilized by employees, then they will be at higher risk for serious or life-threatening accidents than employees in a typical office building. For terrorist threats, the attractiveness of the facility as a target is a major consideration. In addition, the type of terrorist act may vary based on the potential adversary and the method of attack most likely to be successful for a given scenario. In general, the likelihood of terrorist attacks cannot be quantified statistically since terrorism is, by its very nature, random. Hence, when considering terrorist threats, the concept of developing credible threat packages is important. To determine vulnerabilities, use the matrix to interview personnel, review previous security incidents, and examine audit and system records and system documentation. Contact vendors for reports of known system vulnerabilities, check advisory Web sites and look for security issues by using automated tools. Then, evaluate the vulnerabilities while considering their number and nature and any countermeasures in place (discussed further next week). Using the matrix, what vulnerabilities exist in the organizations physical areas as applied to information security? Analyze findings from your observations and personnel interviews, risk assessment and historical site surveys, reviews of written and informal procedures and audit trail data, and any other research, like diagrams, practice drills, etc. Using these findings, determine what vulnerabilities exist in the organizations administration, policies and documentation area, and in the organizations personnel practices. Consider the organizations communications/network connectivity and in the computer system itself. Once the threat levels have been identified and quantified, evaluate the vulnerability. B. Vulnerability Assessment After identifying all existing threats, we have to perform a vulnerability assessment. Vulnerability assessment evaluates the impact of loss that any pre reported threat can cause after a successful attack. The evaluated degree of the damage that emanatates from such an attack is determined by Impact of loss. For achieving the properly definition of the impact of loss a threat is able to cause, a key component is needed. Each facility must be examined on its owned definitions. Below we can see some definitions for impact of loss in a company that serves the public. Devastating: In this case the facility is damaged and there is a need of repair in most of its items or assets. For that reason, the organization is forced to reduce the number of visitors in a certain degree for several period of time. Severe: In this case a part of the facility has been damaged or partially contaminated because of several events such as fire, extreme rain, smoke etc. Examples include partial structure breach resulting in weather/water, smoke, impact, or fire damage to some areas. Some items/assets in the facility are damaged beyond repair, but the facility remains mostly intact. The entire facility may be closed for a period of up to two weeks and a portion of the facility may be closed for an extended period of time (more than one month). Some assets may need to be moved to remote locations to protect them from environmental damage. The number of visitors to the facility and others in the organization may be reduced by up to 50% for a limited period of time. Noticeable: The facility is temporarily closed or unable to operate, but can continue without an interruption of more than one day. A limited number of assets may be damaged, but the majority of the facility is not affected. The number of visitors to the facility and others in the organization may be reduced by up to 25% for a limited period of time. Minor: The facility experiences no significant impact on operations (downtime is less than four hours) and there is no loss of major assets. C. Risk Analysis Vulnerability A combination of the impact of loss rating and the vulnerability rating can be used to evaluate the potential risk to the facility from a given threat. Vulnerability is defined to be a combination of the attractiveness of a facility as a target and the level of deterrence and/or defense provided by the existing countermeasures. Target attractiveness is a measure of the asset or facility in the eyes of an aggressor and is influenced by the function and/or symbolic importance of the facility. Sample definitions for risk ratings are as follows: Very High: This is a high profile facility that provides a very attractive target for potential adversaries, and the level of deterrence and/or defense provided by the existing countermeasures is inadequate. Countermeasures recommended to mitigate these risks should be implemented as soon as possible. High: This is a high profile regional facility or a moderate profile national facility that provides an attractive target and/or the level of deterrence and/or defense provided by the existing countermeasures is inadequate. Countermeasures recommended to mitigate these risks should be implemented as soon as possible. Moderate: This is a moderate profile facility (not well known outside the local area or region) that provides a potential target and/or the level of deterrence and/or defense provided by the existing countermeasures is marginally adequate. Countermeasure implementation should be planned in the near future Low: This is not a high profile facility and provides a possible target and/or the level of deterrence and/or defense provided by the existing countermeasures is adequate. Countermeasure implementation will enhance security, but is of less urgency than the above risks. The vulnerability assessment may also include detailed analysis of the potential impact of loss from an explosive, chemical, or biological attack. Professionals with specific training and experience in these areas are required to perform these detailed analyses. A sample of the type of output that can be generated by a detailed explosive analysis can also be shown graphically. A graphic representation of the potential damage to a facility from an explosive attack allows a building owner to quickly interpret the results of the analysis, although a more fully detailed and quantitative engineering response would be required to design a retrofit upgrade. In addition, similar representations can be used to depict the response of an upgraded facility to the same explosive threat. This allows a building owner to interpret the potential benefit that can be achieved by implementing various structural upgrades to the building frame, wall, roof, and/or windows. D. Upgrade Recommendations Based on the findings from the risk analysis, the next step in the process is to identify countermeasure upgrades that will lower the various levels of risk. If minimum standard countermeasures for a given facility level are not currently present, these countermeasures should automatically be included in the upgrade recommendations. Additional countermeasure upgrades above the minimum standards should be recommended as necessary to address the specific threats identified for the facility. The estimated capital cost of implementing the recommended countermeasures is usually provided in the threat/vulnerability assessment report. The estimated installation and operating costs for the recommended countermeasures are also usually provided in the threat/vulnerability assessment report. All operating costs are customarily estimated on a per year basis. E. Re-Evaluation of Risks The implementation of the recommended security and/or structural upgrades should have a positive effect on the impact of loss and/or the vulnerability ratings for each threat. The final step in the process is to re-evaluate these two ratings for each threat in light of the recommended upgrades. Using an exterior explosive threat as an example, the installation of window retrofits (i.e., security window film, laminated glass, etc.) will not prevent the explosive attack from occurring, but it should reduce the impact of loss/injury caused by hazardous flying glass. Therefore, the impact of loss rating for an explosive threat would improve, but the vulnerability rating would stay the same. CONCLUSION A Generic Model for Assessing and Integrating Threat, Vulnerability, and Risk Many models/methodologies have been developed by which threats, vulnerabilities, and risks are integrated and then used to inform the cost-effective allocation of resources to reduce those risks. For this report, CRS reviewed vulnerability assessment models or methodologies, including some developed and used, to varying degrees, in certain selected sectors SUGGESTIONS Using Assessments to Identify and Prioritize Risk Reduction Activities. Identify Ways to Reduce Risk. Risks can be reduced in a number of ways: by reducing threats (e.g. through eliminating or intercepting the adversary before he strikes); by reducing vulnerabilities (e.g. harden or toughen the asset to withstand the attack); or, by reducing the impact or consequences (e.g. build back-ups systems or isolate facilities from major populations). For each potential countermeasure, the benefit in risk reduction should also be determined.26 More than one countermeasure may exist for a particular asset, or one countermeasure may reduce the risk for a number of assets. Multiple countermeasures should be assessed together to determine their net effects. The analyst should also assess the feasibility of the countermeasure. The cost of each countermeasure must also be determined. Costs, too, are multidimensional. There may be up-front financial costs with associated materials, equipment, installation, and training. There are also longer term operational costs of the new protective measures, including maintenance and repair. There may also be operational costs associated with changes to overall operations. Costs also include time and impact on staff, customers, and vendors, etc. Expenditures on the protection of assets also results in opportunity costs, i.e. costs associated with not being able to invest those resources in something else. Prioritize and Decide In What to Invest. Once a set of countermeasures have been assessed and characterized by their impact on risk, feasibility, and cost, priorities may be set. Decision makers would have to come to a consensus on which risk reduction strategy to use to set priorities. Most of the methods reviewed suggest a cost-effective selection process (i.e. implementation of the risk-reduction method(s) should not cost more than the benefit derivedby the reduced risk). Cost-effectiveness could also imply that the country invest in risk reduction to the point where the marginal cost to society equals the marginal benefit. Alternatively, given a fixed budget, cost-effectiveness might imply investing in protections that maximize the benefits for that investment. Countermeasures that lower risk to a number of assets may prove to be most cost-effective. Also, focusing attention on those assets associated with the highest risks may yield the greatest risk reduction and be one way to implement a cost effective approach. While cost-effectiveness is usually the recommended measure for setting priorities, decision makers may use others. For example, decision makers may be risk averse. In other words, even if the chance of an attack is small, or the potential target is not particularly vulnerable, the consequences may be too adverse to contemplate. In this case, decision makers may wish to bear the costs of additional protection that exceed the expected reduction in risk. Roper notes, however, that, in general, protection costs should not exceed a reasonable percentage of the total value of the asset.2 Another measure by which to select protective actions might be to favor maximizing the number or geographical distribution of assets for which risks are reduced. Alternatively, decision makers might want to focus efforts on reducing a specific threat scenario (e.g. dirty bombs) or protecting specific targets (e.g. events where large numbers of people attend). The electric utility checklist states that the ultimate goal of risk management is to select and implement security improvements to achieve an acceptable level of risk at an acceptable cost. The concept of acceptable risk is mentioned in a number of methodologies, and it needs to be determined by decision makers After selecting which protective measures to pursue, programs, responsibilities, and mechanisms for implementing them must be established. Many of the reviewed methodologies conclude with the recommendation to revisit the analysis on a regular basis.

Family, Marriage, And Gender Roles :: Sociology, Family Values

Family, Marriage, and Gender Roles   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the core of American identities and American dreams lies a family. Throughout time, families serve as a connection between the individual and the outside world. The individual's identity, his or her dreams, in large part depend on the family of origin or a family of choice. The individual is shaped through beliefs, values, and assumptions that the family holds about the world and that are based on family member's experiences and collective memory. The family itself, in turn derives its values from the social, cultural, political, and philosophical assumptions and beliefs of the larger, and more dominant culture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In today's modern society, assumptions regarding a family can be very widespread. Ranging from the conservative viewpoint to the more liberal view. The conservative is the more traditional view of the two. Believing that the only true family is the joint relationship of a husband, wife, and children is a thing of the past. Recently an alarming number of unfavorable situations have arisen. These situations range from one-parent families to the inexplicable situation of two partners of the same sex. What happens to a society where the nuclear family is no longer the dominant configuration? Only time will tell.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Being brought up in a traditional environment, I have very conservative views on the concept of a family. When I was young, my Mother did not work. She would stay at home with me until I was about thirteen years old. I feel that, if possible, a mother should stay home with her children. In my eyes, the main responsibility of a Mother is to furnish her children with as much attention as possible. Without the necessary attention the child will grow up striving for attention, and will do everything in his or her power to receive it. In the model nuclear family, the Father is the individual who is responsible for earning a substantial living. Providing for the family: a home, food, and a sense of security; the Father is an important factor in the up bringing of a family. Unfortunately, many families do not have the luxury of a nuclear family. They must survive on their perseverance, along with a little bit of luck along the way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In our textbook, Moser and Waters accurately depict the essentials of family values. The one essay that seems to support my own set of values is the one entitled Reserve Marriage for Heterosexuals. I feel that a family has nothing to gain by allowing homosexuals to adopt children and start their own families. The essay depicts that children that are raised without a Mother and